THE UNITED NATIONS

                                                            THE UNITED NATIONS

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As the earn-age of World War 2 was still on, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American president Franklin D. Roosevelt were planning for an organization that could prevent another world war and promote international understanding and cooperation. On august 14, 1941, they signed the Atlantic charter on a warship, off the coast of Newfoundland. After all kind of preparation, on June 26 1945, representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco to sign the charter of the united nation organization. The charter came to be effective from October 24, 1945 marking of the formal establishment of the organization. The UN headquarters are located in NEW YORK.

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THE United Nations is an international organization of six principal organs. The general assembly is made up of all members’ states that have equal voice and one vote. It controls the finance and all UN activities.  The Security Council with 5 permanent members –USA, UK, china, France and Russia and 10 elected for a term of 2 years, is the most important organ from the functional point of view. it works for the implementation of the charter dealing  with any crisis in the world involving  fighting, threats, or instability. Any of the permanent members can prevent decision by using their “veto” power.

The economic and social council [ECO SOC] consists of representatives of 54 nations, one-third elected every year. It coordinates with the UN specialized agencies working in various fields such as social development, human rights, women empowerment, population and environment. With USA, Russia, UK, France and china as its members, trusteeship council was entrusted with the supervision of the post –World War 2 territories under the international trusteeship system. When all the states either merged with others or attained independence, the council ceased to exist in 1994.with 15 judges elected for 9 years, the international court of justice can settle international disputes and try anyone accused of serious crimes such as genocide. The secretariat headed by the secretary general appointed by the general assembly for 5 years is the chief administrative body. There are over 60 thousand UN staffs worldwide.

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The united nation is the largest international organization of the world. The organization is so important because it establishes communications between governments and promotes cooperation needed to tackle world problems. Many UN agencies and programmers are run in various areas to support the poorer countries and weaker people. Through their efforts epidemics have been controlled and vulnerable groups of people such as women, children, and refugees have been protected. Constitutional reformations and good governance have been encouraged. UN peacekeeping forces set up in 1978 are mobilized in the countries in conflict in order to help establish permanent peace. Conflicts as in Nepal, east Timor, Africa and the Middle East have been resolved by peaceful means. The United Nations mission in Nepal [UNPIN] assisted in the overall   peace process of the country such as concluding the comprehensive peace accord, management of Maoist armies and weapons and the drafting of a new constitution through an elected assembly.

Armed Revolution 2007

                            

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                                        ARMED REVOLUTION 2007

Starting from bs 1903 Nepal was ruled by rana autocrats for 104 years .throughout  the regime ,the hereditary  prime ministers exercised absolute power and lived in indecent luxury at the country’s expense .public freedom, education and  outside influence were dreadfully suppressed .they brought some reforms either for enlarging their luxury or to sustain  their  autocracy. Right from the very beginning ordinary people had developed hatred distaste for the system. learned and politically conscious  people could never approve of the ranarchy .they knew that it was not an easy task to over throw  the dictatorship which was strongly backed by the British east India  company .great  public awakening  was needed before and effective move was taken against the tyranny.

Arya  samaj , gorkha league , nagrik adhikar samiti, charka movement and mahabir school were the early associations established for rousing public awareness for  anti-rana movement .but the rana’s would take harsh measures to suppress  the attempts. While Indian freedom fighting movement was spreading in India, Nepalese democrats founded a party called the praja parishadin BS 1993.dissatisfied with his position, king tribhuwan went in favor of the move. The party men were secretly scattering pamphlets against the ranas.but the secrecy was soon disclosed and many of the leaders were caught and some such as sukraraj shastri and dharmabhakta mathema were executed on the charge of treason.

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Towards the end of World War 2, the movement in India was gaining ground. There were worldwide waves of changes. In 1947 India obtained independence from Britain. a strong foundation of the rana rule had collapsed.nepalese people were getting more receptive to the developments. Several leaders having participated in the Indian struggle come back and joined the anti-rana activities.  At the beginning of the year BS 2006, the Nepal communist party had been founded. The Nepali national congress and the Nepali democratic congress merged into the Nepali congress at the fall of the same year. Next year the bairganiya conference of the party passed a resolution to launch a violent revolution in the country to overthrow the ranas autocracy. The party chairman matrika Prasad koirala was chosen the commander. The congress party would win sympathy both from Indian national government and king tribhuwan now less friendly to Prime Minister Mohan shumsher.

The congress party started funding in Nepal and india.it was organizing and army of its own called the liberation army. On 21 kartik, 2007, the reigning king along with most family members left the palace and asks for asylum at the Indian embassy. The other day mohan shumsher placed the king’s minor grandson gyanendra on the throne .but this was not recognized by India. On 26^th the king flew to New Delhi where he was warmly received by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

The liberation army made major attacks along the border areas. Places such as birgunj and bhairahawa were captured. Gradually they were spreading influence through much of the country.biratnagar, palpa, dang, jajarkot, kailali, kanchanpur and gorkha also fell in their hands. The situation had been worsening in the country. Realizing that the revolution was out of his control, Mohan shumsher sent his delegate’s kaisher shumsher and bijay shumsher to India for talk. Similar efforts earlier had been inconclusive. This time the tripartite Delhi compromise  was signed by the rana delegates, the nepali congress and king tribhuwan  under an  active mediation of the Indian government on falgun 1.the king with his position fully restored  return and  on falgun 7,  he  gave and address  to the people declaring  that a rana- congress coalition government was formed, general  amnesty was offered to the political prisoners  and election  to constituent  assembly  would  be held in a year. The event is marked as the event of democracy in the country .but ironically  the rana  prime minister  mohan shumsher was accepted  as the head of the democratic government  that ran for less than a year.

Christmas

                                                                     CHRISTMAS 

Christmas is the greatest festivals of Christians. It is an annual festival of nativity that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ that occurred about 20 centuries ago in Bethlehem, near the present day Jerusalem in Israel. The celebration started in about 350 AD when pop Julius I declared December 25 as the date of the nativity. Until then the date had been celebrated by the PAGANS as the birth of the unconquered sun. At Christmas they show great division and gratitude to their lord Jesus Christ whose birth in the world, for them, was the dawn of human freedom from sin .midnight mass is celebrated in churches and cathedrals. In Rome, Christians join the function with pope Benedict, who also delivers Christmas message to all.christmas is also abbreviated to xmas.in the modern time, it is celebrated with festivities. Worldwide there are different methods of celebration. . Christmas tree or Xmas tree is also unique component of the celebration. In English speaking countries, a conventional Christmas meal of turkey or goose, Christmas pudding, and mince pies are served joyfully The tree which is often a conifer and that originally comes from Germany is highly decorated and illuminated with multi-colored lights and ornaments. Joyful hymns known as carols are sung in groups around the xmas tree.christmas crackers are exploded and Christmas card are widely distributed with wishes and greetings .children are given gifts of various kinds. Santa Claus, a legendary jolly old man with white beared and red suit, is supposed to bring presents to children. Although Christmas is a religious festival, in the modern time it is developing as a secular one as well. In many countries the custom of lighting the tree, singing carols over it, and opening presents is celebrated on December 24, the Christmas Eve. Even non-Christians celebrate the time by sharing greetings and presents among themselves. In secular Nepal, December 25 is now a government holiday. It is a time of great commercial activity. There is a lot of shopping. Christmas is also a time of present-giving and family reunions. As in Hindu festival dashain, Christians away from their home get back and celebrate the festival together with their families. Many organize Christmas parties.

An Ideal Student

                                   

                                                                   AN IDEAL STUDENT

In the modern time, a student is a person who studies formally at school, collage or university. As a student one studies lesson, gains knowledge, and learns skill from various sources. Many distinctive qualities make an ideal student, who is different from ordinary students. An ideal student is ambitious and hard working. His quest for knowledge is very deep. He strives to get complete knowledge on any matter. He also tries to make the best use of every available source of knowledge. He respect and utilizes every important source of knowledge. Sincerity matters very much. An ideal student is very sincere in his duties. He pays full attention in the class and makes quick response .he realize his mistake and tries to learn from the same. He prepares his lessons well. But his not a bookish fellow .He uses a lot of references and reads newspaper, non textual books as well. He is regular to his school or college. He manages to make up the loss caused due to an avoidable absence. He takes learning as fun. He deserves outstanding results, fame and recognition. He is source of inspiration for all his friends. Beside textual knowledge, an ideal student learns many life skills. He takes part in games and sports. As well as other extra –curricular and creative activities .he wants to develop leadership. He also takes interest in politics and current affairs. He doesn’t boast upon knowledge. He knows that boasting is a hindrance in the process of learning. He thinks that there is no end to what one can learn .he is active in sharing what is learnt with others. He helps weak students and encourages them. An ideal student also tries to practice knowledge into real life. He always keeps his body, belongings and things neat and clean. He takes good care of his health. He never tells lies. He doesn’t hesitate to accept his weakness and faults. He is frank, cooperative and sociable. He is interested in community works. But he never keeps bad company. He respect parents and other seniors, and love juniors. He is receptive and responsive. He never wastes time. He goes to bed and wakes early. Thus an ideal student is endowed with all these virtues and is very different from others. He remains the glory of the institution and the community he belongs to. His bright future is secure.

Dashain

                                                                       DASHAIN

Dashain is the greatest festival of Nepali Hindus. Like other festivals, it’s also based on the lunar calendar and falls in the month of aswin or KARTIK.IT IS remark for 15 days from the new moon day (ghatasthapana) to the full moon day (kojagrat purnima) it is a festival of great delight, enthusiasm and rapture. The time of dashain is very fine .the weather is fair and mild. There is no more mud or dust .farmers are getting relief from their tiring seasons of plantations and weedings. Schools, colleges, and offices remain close. Dashain celebrates the inevitable victory of virtue over vice, of truth over untruth. the goddess  durga  known as the goddess  of victory is worshipped with great devotion ,during  the first nine days called NAWA DURGA.people stream  to the well maintained temples of the goddess durga  they make sacrifices of goats ,buffalos etc; the chandi, a story of victory achieved  by deities over devils in satya yuga,is recited for sacredness and sancity.it is believed that in treata  yuga , lord rama had secured victory after performing puja to goddess durga .the tenth day  known as Vijaya dashami is the main day of the vacation festival. On this day people received red tika, jamara and blessings from their parents and relatives. Red tika is the symbol of both fortune and victory in Hindu culture.dashain is also the time of family gatherings and feasts. People forget their differences and misunderstanding and visit their relatives. Those who are away from their home return during the time. People wear new clothes; eat sels, meat, chocolates and spices. For very poor people it is the rare occasions of good and delicious food. Traditional swings such as the bamboo supported linge pings are very popular.nepali lifestyle is maximum reflected by this festival.malshree song are played. media such as radio, televisions and newspaper broadcast or publish wishes and greetings both their own and the sponsored ones there is gun firing accompanied by flower showering  at tundhikhel  in Kathmandu. Its tradition for commoners to receive tika from the state head of the country. Many people celebrate the festival with great pomp and shows. Celebrations are often extravagant .widespread drinking and gambling often lead to quarrels and fights. For many poor people of Nepal dashain is rather a curse. It is very difficult for them to provide for the traditional celebrations.  the sacrifices offered to the goddess are very terrific .people fall victim to indigestion, food, poisoning and many others. Before dashain there are lot of crimes such as pick pocketing, robbery and loots. Market prices often tend to rise before and on the eve of the festival. Dashain is also the most waited festival for Hindus.

Child Rights

                                                                    

  Child rights

All people from their birth to the age of puberty are children. They are all delicate, innocent and dependent. They are not capable of making right decision .they need good support from their family and society. Children inhabited an important portion of every population. The future of the nation highly depends upon a level of care being provided to its children who are sensitive and receptive. Actually they are the future builders of their countries and everyone has responsibility to contribute to their all-round development. The UN convention on the rights of the child 1989 has recognized various rights for the, development, protection of children. According to it, all children have a right to name and nationality and care within a family, with good health care. Children also have a right to be protected from mistreatment or exploitation and to special provision if they are handicapped or orphans. Finally they have right to freedom of expression, thought conscience and religion. Most countries of the world including Nepal have signed the UN convention expressing their commitment to protect and promote the various rights of their children as laid down in it. But situation of children of the world is not good. Child labour still continues to remain a serious world problem. The UN estimates have started that by the year 2000 there were 375 million child laborers worldwide. Most of them are in underdeveloped countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Most child labourer’s work long hours for small wages and are unable to have any education and health care. Many are victims of sexual abuse as well.nepal alone has over 2 million child laborers who fulfill about 15% of the total workforce of the country. They work in factories and in farms. In various conditions of deprivation and danger. Some are even bonded as slaves. Most of these child laborers are vulnerable to physical and mental torture .thousands  of orphans, homeless and deserted  children are living in the street .even  those  few sheltered  in child centers  are not secure and well-cared.to worsen the situation ,every year ,thousand of girls are trafficked  to India where they are serve for prostitutes. some were used as militants. Also many of the children living with their parents are diseased. The government has the main responsibility of guaranteeing the rights of all children. There are several acts and regulations such as the children act 2048. Many NGO’S and INGO’S have programmers to support the needy children .but our enforcement has always remained poor. Poverty, ignorance and insincere leadership stand as great challenges. Parents should also know the importance of proper childcare. We all have parts to play for shaping the future of our children in a proper way.